"Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD"

What is an abacus?the first computer because, it was able to perform simple math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?the first freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? for the Census Bureau.
What does UNIVAC stand for?
universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?International Business Machines.
What is FORTRAN?The first successful high level programming language. FORTRAN: The IBA mathematical Formula Translating System.

Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?By making them more user-friendly tool.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
was the first internet , was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
(Advaced Research Projects Agency Network.)

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
the first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.The first "memory disk" commonly called the "Floppy Disk" Because of its flexiblity.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?The first ethernet computer network.

Altair

Apple I

Apple II

TRS-80

Commodore PET

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?the HS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?Xerox Corporation
What is GUI?Graphical user interface.

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?Apple macintosh computer, GUI
The commercial only ran one time. When?1984, during the super bowl.
response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?the windows operating system
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
N/A
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
N/A
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
N/A
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
N/A
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
i dont really know but it will take us somewhere.

inspiration for assignment #15

this has inpired me because it has animals and flowers and it is a goo example for an illiminated manuscript.

this has inspired me because it tells the story through the illuminated maniuscript almost. and its position is not in the center its off to the left side which is something that i want to incorporate in my piece. anther think that it doesnt have design on all the sides. this is a good example.

"Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD"

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?by printing and photography innovations, printing presses could only publish from engravings or woodcuts until the 1880's

What is a camera obscura?was known to scholars and philosphers as a way to observe light. it is an optical devise that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.

Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?it was for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon.

From where did the photographic camera develop?from the portable box
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?by Sir John Hershel, derived from the Greek words for light and writing.

Post an the first photograph. 

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?Joseph Niepce

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Daguerre, it made the image permanent, even though it became an instant craze, there was a growing need for means of duplicating images , which was not possible.

Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?William Fox Talbot, the subject was exposed onto light-sensitive paper, producing a paper negative. from the negative an unlimited amount of duplicates could be made.

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott Archer, it redused the exposure time to two or three seconds. and cost was significanlty less than the previous processes.

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Richard maddox, made glass plates out of gelatin

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? he made pgotography accessible to all

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
the invention of the flexible roll film sped up the process of recording multiple images.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?recieved a patent in 1888 for a camera designer the utilized the roll film, Eastman Kodak Comany.

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?60 sec

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
paved the way for motion picture photography.

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope?device used to project a series of images in successive phase of motion.

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?he used a series of large cameras placed in a line, each being triggered by a thread as a hourse passed by.

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?individual images to be captures and stored on a single film reel.

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector?it shines a light and magnifys the "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.

"The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD"

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? 
Christopher Sholes.

What is a "stenographer"?
N/A

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
when beginning to pursue commercial development, he realized stenographers would be among the first and most important users.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
it solved only part of his problem, it still took long to typeset and copy the words. bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"?
commercially successful

Post an example of Linotype Machine.

How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?making it possible for a small nimber of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?

• 90 charcter keyboard
• there was no shift key
• therefore, uppercase letters has separate keys from lowercase letters. 
• the arrangement of keys was based on letter frequency.

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug?
the assembled line of type is then cast as a single piece

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
allowed for faster typesetting than by hand

"The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?introduced modern book printing. he is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type. hand press. ( printing press)

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work? ink was rolled over the rasied surface of movable hand-set block letters held withen a wooden form. form was pressed against a sheet pf paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?spending time with his father at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers, and his love for reading motivated him.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?woodcuts were not durable, split in the press after repeated use, new blocks had to be carved for each new impression. he believes that metal type could be reprduced more quickly once a single mold could be made.

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?is the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document( usually individual letters and punctuation.

What is a matrix?hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar, creating a matrix. can be reused so the same character appearing anywhere withen the book will appear very uniform.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?oil-based ink, varnish-like ink made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil.

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?paper is a substrate made from wood pulp. was created in 105AD by gs'ai Lun.(chinese)

What is a "substrate"?paper made from wood pulp

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? john fust, a wealthy businessman. Gutenberg hired Peter Schoffer to help him with the project.

What was the first book he printed?
two volume Bible (the Bible)

Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?

• perfected script and made it easier to read
• books made more rapidly
• current information could be shared locally and around the world.
• book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking.
• economies became stronger.
• Art and science began to fourish which led to the beginning of the renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England?William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers?trade newsletters

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?in 1704, the Boston Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?built a press completly from cast iron.

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500
impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?presses made :0

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief Printing: movable type is placed into the press. ink is spread onto the type. paper in pladed on top. the press applies the direct pressure needed to tranfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? or printmaking, image area it eched into the plate surface to hold the ink, ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. damp paper is placed on top. a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?basic stencil process. image carrier is attached o a screen. ink is forced through open meash areas.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?

or planographic, printing from a flat surface. drawing or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. water is applied. when ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink, the wet parts to not.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?offset lithography

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
nery different
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black

"The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD"

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?they only allowed for sequential usage, readers must read the text in the order it was written.

an example of a codex.
What is a codex?is a covered and bound collection of hand written pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?it had many advantages over the scroll... compactness, sturdiness, and ease of reference.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?"random access" meaning one can go to any point to find information. the scroll "sequential access" meaning one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage

What were the advantages of using the codex?in more portable. was easier to organize in libraries b/c the title could be written on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex?is associated with the rise of Christianity.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?replaces with parchment:a substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows. the precess:

1. hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out.
2. hide was soaked in water
3. calcium, flour, and salt were added
4. skin was stretched out, flattened and dried

What is vellum?

finer qualities of parchment were made from skins of young calves.

 

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?

digital books kendal and i pad

 

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

the decline of the Roman Empire resulted in fewer books being created. book binding methods became more sophisticated.

 

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

 

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?

monestic monks who becames scribes.

 

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?

illimination: refers to the borders, illustrations and ornamentation added to each page of text. included initials of chapters or paragraphs, paintings in margins, borders and around text.

 

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?

natural quill pens were used

 

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?

because the work was so laborious

 

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?

creates the story and shows it visually well.

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC"

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
in 7th century BC, the romans used a variant of the Greek alphabet as the basis

What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
rigid formal script was used for important manuscripts and offcial documents. A quicker, informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing.

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make? institution of the baseline in typogrphy and menmanship.

From where did serifs originate?
with the carving of words into stone. stonesman added little hooks to the tips of the letters to prevent the chisel from slipping.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
N/A
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?N/A Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

"The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
they regularly traveled to greece and established trade agreements with them.

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
several of the consonants were adapted as vowels, as well additionsl letters were included

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
it has given rise to many other alphabets including the latin alphabet.

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?n/aPost an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

"The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC"

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
 that one sign represents one spoken sound.


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
they were incised with a stylus, most the shapes were angular and straight


What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
the trading culture of the phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet into parts of North Africa ans Europe.


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
first widespread script : its simplicity allowed it to be used in multiple languages, it also allowed common people to learn how to write. it disintegrated class divisions between royalty and the common people.

Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.