"The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?introduced modern book printing. he is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type. hand press. ( printing press)

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work? ink was rolled over the rasied surface of movable hand-set block letters held withen a wooden form. form was pressed against a sheet pf paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?spending time with his father at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers, and his love for reading motivated him.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?woodcuts were not durable, split in the press after repeated use, new blocks had to be carved for each new impression. he believes that metal type could be reprduced more quickly once a single mold could be made.

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?is the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document( usually individual letters and punctuation.

What is a matrix?hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar, creating a matrix. can be reused so the same character appearing anywhere withen the book will appear very uniform.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?oil-based ink, varnish-like ink made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil.

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?paper is a substrate made from wood pulp. was created in 105AD by gs'ai Lun.(chinese)

What is a "substrate"?paper made from wood pulp

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? john fust, a wealthy businessman. Gutenberg hired Peter Schoffer to help him with the project.

What was the first book he printed?
two volume Bible (the Bible)

Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?

• perfected script and made it easier to read
• books made more rapidly
• current information could be shared locally and around the world.
• book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking.
• economies became stronger.
• Art and science began to fourish which led to the beginning of the renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England?William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers?trade newsletters

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?in 1704, the Boston Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?built a press completly from cast iron.

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500
impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?presses made :0

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief Printing: movable type is placed into the press. ink is spread onto the type. paper in pladed on top. the press applies the direct pressure needed to tranfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? or printmaking, image area it eched into the plate surface to hold the ink, ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. damp paper is placed on top. a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?basic stencil process. image carrier is attached o a screen. ink is forced through open meash areas.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?

or planographic, printing from a flat surface. drawing or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. water is applied. when ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink, the wet parts to not.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?offset lithography

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
nery different
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black

"The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD"

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?they only allowed for sequential usage, readers must read the text in the order it was written.

an example of a codex.
What is a codex?is a covered and bound collection of hand written pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?it had many advantages over the scroll... compactness, sturdiness, and ease of reference.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?"random access" meaning one can go to any point to find information. the scroll "sequential access" meaning one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage

What were the advantages of using the codex?in more portable. was easier to organize in libraries b/c the title could be written on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex?is associated with the rise of Christianity.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?replaces with parchment:a substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows. the precess:

1. hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out.
2. hide was soaked in water
3. calcium, flour, and salt were added
4. skin was stretched out, flattened and dried

What is vellum?

finer qualities of parchment were made from skins of young calves.

 

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?

digital books kendal and i pad

 

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

the decline of the Roman Empire resulted in fewer books being created. book binding methods became more sophisticated.

 

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

 

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?

monestic monks who becames scribes.

 

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?

illimination: refers to the borders, illustrations and ornamentation added to each page of text. included initials of chapters or paragraphs, paintings in margins, borders and around text.

 

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?

natural quill pens were used

 

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?

because the work was so laborious

 

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?

creates the story and shows it visually well.

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC"

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
in 7th century BC, the romans used a variant of the Greek alphabet as the basis

What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
rigid formal script was used for important manuscripts and offcial documents. A quicker, informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing.

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make? institution of the baseline in typogrphy and menmanship.

From where did serifs originate?
with the carving of words into stone. stonesman added little hooks to the tips of the letters to prevent the chisel from slipping.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
N/A
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?N/A Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

"The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
they regularly traveled to greece and established trade agreements with them.

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
several of the consonants were adapted as vowels, as well additionsl letters were included

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
it has given rise to many other alphabets including the latin alphabet.

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?n/aPost an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

"The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC"

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
 that one sign represents one spoken sound.


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
they were incised with a stylus, most the shapes were angular and straight


What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
the trading culture of the phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet into parts of North Africa ans Europe.


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
first widespread script : its simplicity allowed it to be used in multiple languages, it also allowed common people to learn how to write. it disintegrated class divisions between royalty and the common people.

Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC

in the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? Persians, Greek, and Romans

Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.


What was discovered on the inside of the temples?Carved and painted pictures on every wall


Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
cuneiform


What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?Logographic was very general and stylized, and Alphabetic was more or documenting events


The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
Hiero meaning sacred and Glyphic meaning engraving or writing


What is a scribe?a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession


Who else was trained to read and write? Why?Students, military leaders. In order to  communicate with one another in battle

Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.


What is papyrus and how was it made?Substrate made from reeds native to Egypt 


What is a substrate?
What were the Books of the Dead?
The text consists of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the afterlife.


How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?After non-christian temples and tombs were closed people who could read hieroglyphics disappeared until no one knew how to read it

Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?Discovered in Egypt. A rock with writing used to decipher the Hieroglyphics. 


what three languages are included on the stone?It was in Greek, eygptian hieroglyphics and demotic.


Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
The stone was broken in places and none of the three texts were complete.


Who finally deciphered the text? 
Jean Francois Champollion


What was his breakthrough?
when he matched the hieroglyphics with the Greek version of them


Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?Because now we know more about ancient Egypt and the Egyptian hieroglyphics

Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? 
Nomadic


What does that mean?
without a fixed home


Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
Because Cuneiform was created there


What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?Agriculture

Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).


Why was Cuneiform created?To track business transactions


What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface? Wet clay and impress sticks into them to write and then lay them out in the sun in order to dry the slabs.


What did Cuneiform begin as a series of? 
A series of pictographs

Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).



After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
Wedge shaped

Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.

After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?It was adopted by the Akkadians


What is a pictograph?Visual representation of an object


Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?
It was a new form of communication